A Secret Weapon for Persuasiv Essay Topics

A Secret Weapon for Persuasiv Essay Topics Most Noticeable Persuasiv Essay Topics There are just a few things that define whether an essay you're working on is going to be a good one. Our life is about words. Needless to say, it's the topics you may have a small laugh about! A great deal of times students are requested to compose persuasive essays for several occasions. Begin with general subjects that you are conversant with then narrow down to a particular topic. Every American should learn how to speak English. He should learn to speak Spanish. The Fundamentals of Persuasiv Essay Topics Revealed Persuasive essay topics are ideal for students who love to share their opinion and to persuade others. Persuasive essays are a fantastic approach to encourage the reader to check at a particular topic in a different light. They have no paragraph limits. The greatest persuasive essays persuade the reader to agree with a specific point of view, perspective or maybe to take a pa rticular action. The next region of the text will be less difficult to write if you've picked among the most effective persuasive essay topics as your principal subject of the text. After you are aware that you want to seek out unique persuasive essay topics to be able to write the ideal text possible, it's the opportunity to consider how to study the structure of such texts. The custom is allowed in some states, but it's frowned upon and illegal in a lot more states. The Persuasiv Essay Topics Stories School should happen in the evenings. There are several persuasive essay topics to select from to finish your high school or college assignment. Elementary students ought to be free from homework. School tests aren't powerful. Top Persuasiv Essay Topics Choices Use what you read to assist you create some search terms, and to assist you choose your own position. It is preferable to search online since it will conserve a plenty of time. Since you can see, a number of the topics listed are new and handle the present issues happening in the World today. To help students just like you find debatable topics, we've gathered a wide variety of ideas on distinct subjects and academic levels. If you're thinking about how to compose a persuasive essay, you should know that writing an essay is a complicated practice. Below, you will find several ideas for a persuasive essay, which you may use if you prefer. Having selected a fantastic topic to argue about, at this point you will need to make an argumentative essay outline. Good persuasive essay topics must be persuasive. To assist you craft an intriguing essay, below are some superior persuasive topics for you to select from. A persuasive essay that is also known as an argumentative essay is a form of written document that's academic in nature. Persuasive essays share a good deal of resemblance with argumentative essays. All persuasive essays are like argumentative essays. Most issues can have essays on all the above mentioned questions. Qualities of a very good persuasive essay topic The topic ought to be specific. You should settle on a persuasive essay topic which allows you to present the finest possible case. The Do's and Don'ts of Persuasiv Essay Topics You ought to make sure you've picked among the best ideas for persuasive speech and that you've used the appropriate words to demonstrate your opinion. Selecting the most suitable topic for a persuasive speech may be not such an easy issue to do as it might appear. Needless to say, giving a wonderful persuasive speech requires more than simply picking a great topic. Finishing a fantastic persuasive speech takes time and energy. Persuasive essays explain a topic when attempting to persuade the readers your perspective has become the most logical, valid, and informed one about this issue. A broad subject always seems simpler to write about as you're able to locate a lot of materials about it. It's important to understand that essay topics are just basic ideas that leave you pondering a notion that might be a huge deal to somebody else. In the actual sense, it's challenging to pick a great persuasive essay topic from numerous great topic ideas. With all these things to argue about and for, it may be a bit overwhelming to think of a topic all on your own. Make sure you do lots of research, especially if you wish to create a compelling and persuasive bit of writing. You still must make an outstanding bit of writing. You're an actual topic enthusiast! Ultimately, you should choose a topic which inspires you but which also supplies you with a large assortment of materials to research. Select a topic you're passionate about. Take notes concerning all possible topics you are able to consider. Possessing great research abilities and selecting an excellent topic is important.

Adolescence And Addictions Addiction And Addiction

Adolescence and Addictions Adolescence that are faced with drug addictions are considered addicts with undeniable habits of drug use and little to no concerns of long term effects on the brain. Most drug additions whether prescription, narcotic, or alcohol, causes detrimental effect on the brain that impacts ones behaviors and thought process in making precise decisions in daily activities. Brain diseases are rapid among drug users for long periods of time that in turn can destroy the ones opportunity of normalcy of life (Kakkad, Trivedi, Raichandani, 2014). Addictions have physical and psychological effects in an individual’s life. Although the internet serves great benefits for ones use, it can also serve as an addiction for individual’s that experience sexual addiction or other disorders. For example; a person that suffers with social anxiety disorder could use the internet as a source of interacting with people instead of socializing in the public. There are other disorders that can cause one to become addicted to the internet such as, anxiety/panic attacks, depression, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (Goldberg, 2014). Connections between abuse and addiction in adolescence A strong urge and desire for drugs are feeling and signs of drug addiction and abuse for some adolescents ((Goldberg, 2014). Often time’s adolescents will explore and experience whatever drug is the latest or newest trend in society. During teenage years some adolescents becomeShow MoreRelatedDrug Addiction : Adolescence And Adulthood2040 Words   |  9 Pages Drug Addiction in Adolescence to Adulthood Name Professor Institution Course Date Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 Description of drug abuse†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Definition and the causes of drugabuse†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.3 Drug regulation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦.4 Effects of drugs on humans†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.5 General effects of drugs on both adolescence and adults†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Psychological effects of drug abuse†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreSubstance Abuse And Addictions Among Adolescence947 Words   |  4 PagesSubstance Abuse and Addictions Among Adolescence Substance abuse and addictions among adolescence is a problem among this age group. Adolescents go through major stages in life and are faced with stressful issues that can lead to experimenting with drugs. Experimenting with drugs can lead to for an adolescent to abuse the substance as well becoming addicted. Not only can a adolescent can become addicted to a substance but he or she can have issues with the brain developing properly. Spiritual developmentRead MoreThe Correlation Between Abused Adolescence And Addiction1152 Words   |  5 PagesThe Correlation Between Abused Adolescence and Addiction Adolescence is a critical time in an individuals’ life, especially in regards to his or her neurodevelopment. Adolescents believe that they are mature individuals with the ability to make intelligent decisions without any direction or guidance from anyone else. This is very alarming considering that the adolescent is very impulsive in his or her decision making abilities, instead of reasoning through the negatives and positives regarding hisRead MoreEffects Of Adolescent Addiction On Adolescence And Local And The United States News About Adolescence Essay1127 Words   |  5 PagesAddiction in Adolescent Years The essay concerns itself with the questions Addictions in Adolescence. Wong, Hall, Justice, and Hernandez, 2015) state that adolescence distinctly determined by the beginning of puberty. The professional also allude that early onset of puberty is most likely to partaken in dangerous activities such as multiple sex partners, alcohol dependence, and inappropriate adaptive styles. In this essay, I will discuss my finding of current contributions and treatments of adolescentRead MoreThe Psychology Of Addictive Behaviors1333 Words   |  6 PagesPsychology of Addictive Behaviors in the life of Adolescence When dealing with addictive behaviors in Psychology, people find that adolescents are more likely to get involved with addictions and uncontrollable wants with things such as alcohol, smoking, drugs, sex, and much more. With those subjects listed, the age groups more prone to opening up doors to these addictions are the ages of 18-23. This is said for a number of reasons. There is loneliness from living away from home, there is more personalRead MoreThe Relationship Between Abuse And Addiction965 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween Abuse and addiction in adolescence is growing a rapid rate and defining to two seems to have a different affect, but the two can become harmful and dangerous if parents do not do their part and intervene as soon as they find out what is taking place with their kids. If not brought to subjection in time, it can become very deadly thing for adolescence. Abuse is such a wide spectrum and depending on the adolescent and the friends they have it can be introduce d to adolescence in many ways andRead MoreDrug Use And Addiction Among Teenagers Essay1231 Words   |  5 Pagesis a reoccurring problem in society that is increasing dramatically among adolescence and young adults. The actual drug can change he structure and function of the brain. It can do great harm to the human body psychically, emotionally, and socially. Often times, young adults have a greater risk of addiction when they become older and the addiction can transfer to adulthood. There are many way to prevent drug use and addiction amongst teenagers. However, if they do not seek help, the problem will continueRead MoreDrug Use And The Factors That Influence A Future Drug Addiction1005 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper explores various ways adolescent brain is susceptible to risky behaviors such as drug use and the factors that influence a future drug addiction. Adolescence is a time of growth both physically and mentally as well as emotionally. Risky behaviors, such as drug use, are likely to appear during this time. It isn’t until early adulthood that the prefrontal cortex, the area of our brain responsible for logical thought and reasoning, is developed. Many underlying factors of substance abuseRead MoreThe Effects Of Addiction On Adolescent Development1302 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Addiction on Adolescent Development Adolescence is a time where adolescents grow and mature at a rapid rate. It is also a time where adolescents are more vulnerable to taking risks, such as using and becoming addicted to illegal substances, due to raging hormones. Whether or not an adolescent chooses to engage in drug use and abuse depends on their home environment and those they choose to associate themselves with. Adolescents are confronted with an enormous amount of pressure toRead MoreDrug Addiction: A Brain Controlling Disease823 Words   |  3 Pagesto drugs. This drug addiction has left a major impact on the brains of each user. Drug addiction is a relapsing brain disease that is characterized by brain malfunction that alters the way the users think and behave. Normal balancing Mechanisms go haywire, allowing the drug to control the brain. Drug addiction has been a major concern for scientist in recent years. With research drug addiction is categorized as a neuron-disease from its large impact on the brain. Drug addiction is a complex brain

Microbiology Synthetic Biology Applications

Question: Discuss about the Microbiology for Synthetic Biology Applications. Answer: Introduction: The science of synthetic biology varies from the conventional genetic engineering. As stated by Paddon et al. (2013), Synthetic biology can be defined as the construction and designing of biological entities for useful purposes. This field of science can be used to produce synthetic microbes which are specifically designed to perform a particular task like production of drugs and controlling pollution. In the arena of medicine, problems still exist in the clinical treatment of several chronic diseases. One of the most frequently occurring disease that need to be addressed is malaria. In this essay the designing of a synthetic microbe to produce a drug for malaria will be illustrated. In order to develop the synthetic microbe the novel gene that was separated is artemisinin and it was selected from Artemisia annua species (Ashley et al. 2014). As discussed by Kent et al. (2012), the species selected for creation of the synthetic drug was Mycoplasma mycoides. These organisms were extracted from ruminants. This strain of Mycoplasma was used as the template. These organisms lack cell wall and for culturing and growth it requires steroid. These organisms grow better in broth and mycoplasma agar and can survive for longer duration at 45 degrees centigrade. According to Lehmeyer et al. (2016), the Mycoplasma mycoides require sterols for the stability of their cytoplasmic membrane. Since its difficult to culture Mycoplasma strains in other microorganisms because it needs sterols to function, therefore the host organism for designing the synthetic microbe could be Mycoplasma yeatsii. These species have a common host and body site with other Mycoplasma species found in ruminants. Since the plasmid selected would be hosted by another species of the same organism even without cell wall they can survive. Moreover, these microorganisms although lack cell wall they are unaffected by several antibiotics such as beta-lactam or penicillin (Karas et al. 2014). As stated by Moe-Behrens et al. (2014), Plasmids are significantly useful cloning vectors that can be used to isolate, purify and multiply inside the bacterial cells. The plasmid genome of the M. mycoides pADB201 (NC_001382) should be used after isolating it. pADB201 encodes two proteins orfA and orfB. The origin of plasmid is composite. In Such rolling circle plasmids, the single stranded origin is the initiation site of the lagging strand. This is important for conversion of the single stranded molecule into double stranded molecule. The plasmid vector would be designed in such a way that the vector would contain two replication origins, multiple cloning site which will consist of a restriction cut site and a antibiotic resistance site (ampicillin resistant site). The various restriction sites that would e incorporated are BamHI, HaeIII, Hind III, EcoRI and AluI. Addition to this a Lac Z site will be inserted into the multiple cloning site in order to identify the transformants. Th e virulent gene would be removed in order to prevent disease causing affect in the animal to be tested on (Karas et al. 2014). As discussed by Gourgues et al. (2016), Transformation is the process of introduction of exogenous genetic material into the bacterial cell. In this experiment the plasmid DNA would be introduced into the Mycoplasma yeatsii. The plasmid mediated transformation of the Mycoplasma mycoides would follow certain steps. Firstly, the plasmid vector would be cleaved using EcoRI endonuclease at the restriction site to produce sticky ends. According to Ariey et al. (2014) this the foreign DNA that is artemisinin which would be extracted from Artemisia annua species will also be cleaved using the same enzyme at the AATT sites. The insertion of the gene of interest will be done. The ligase enzyme initiates the formation of the phosphodiester bond. The ligase enzyme will catalyzes the annealing of the plasmid genome with the specific gene of interest. The whole process will be conducted in media containimg NEB buffer (Fischer et al. 2012). The metabolism of Mycoplasma yeatsii is similar to other Mycoplasma where the main organic compounds are glucose and mannose. Therefore, sterol and arginine are the two key growth factors for the survival off this organism. Moreover, this organism is aerobic in nature, so requires the presence of oxygen to multiply. Lastly, they do not decompose urea. According to Dordet-Frisoni et al. (2013), the host cell is made competent so that the plasmid can enter the cell. There e three steps that should be followed in order to continue transformation. Firstly, Calcium Chloride should be added to the medium in order to enhance the introduction of the plasmid DNA into the host cell. Secondly, the cells are heat shocked and thirdly, the cells are incubated in the nutrient broth for a short duration. Lastly, the broth containing the transformed cells is plated in the agar medium. The plasmid vector containing the gene of interest would replicate utilizing the host machinery and would result in the transformants. In order to check whether the transformation has completed successfully or not screening through the process of blue white colonies are done. As discussed by Fischer et al. (2012), the medium would be cultured with X-Gal and IPTG. If the gene of interest gets inserted within the Lac Z site then the X-Gal will remain inactive producing a white colony. On contrary, if the gene of interest inserts outside the Lac Z gene or does not get inserted at all then the Lac Z gene will be activated by IPTG and the X-Gal will be broken down forming blue colonies (Kent et al. 2012). The synthetic microbe that is formed can be used for preparing drugs against malaria. The synthetic genome would contain nucleic acid biosynthesis, ribosomal operon, transporters, DNA repair tools. The operon system of the synthetic microbe would contain NBOPr which is a substrate inducible promoter, NBO1-NBO3 is the genes that encode the biosynthetic pathway and NBO4 is the product transporter (Kent et al. 2012). The noble gene artemisinin mimics the CR-trigger hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide to induce antioxidative networks and mitigate the oxidative stress. Thereby, direct the metabolic conversion of anabolism to catabolism, extending the life expectancy and metabolic functionality in the host. There are certain genes that are developed or constructed by various evolutionary processes. Out of these genes, several genes produce duplicate copies of the total gene while the others rearrange the existing genetic molecules and are termed as novel genes. According to Karas et al. (2014), the main function of these novel genes are that they contribute to unique phenotypes leading to character differentiation in organisms. In this experiment artemisinin gene will be used as a novel gene to contribute in the cure of malaria. In this experiment the novel gene will be regulated using plasmid mediated transformation which will be used to create a drug in order to test the clinical applications of the drug against malaria in mice (Fischer et al. 2012). Most microbes consist of a gene that secretes a protein called CRISPR. This particular protein has the ability to bind to a specific recognition site in the plasmid and cleave it. This is a kind of defense mechanisms in microbes that cleaves a foreign gene as soon as it enters the host cell. Thus, during the designing of the vector the recognition site for this protein should be removed via ligase enzyme in order to maintain the gene of interest. This process would help the plasmid to be stable and grow in the host cell. Diagram 1: Regualatory mechanism Diagram 2: Components of the Synthetic microbe In the developing and technologically superior method of synthetic biology there exist potential high risks which if used in the form of a bio-weapon. First of all, the synthetic microbe designed can result in negative result in the host cell or organism in which the synthetic drug would be applied. Secondly, there are ethical risks associated with the use of the microbe by the society as a treatment mode. As stated by Dordet-Frisoni et al. (2013), Synthetic biology represents an effective area of science that combines the biological science with the systems engineering. According to the evidences provided the synthetic organisms have shown successful results in the clinical field involving studies, diagnosis and treatment. The ethical arguments in view of patenting extend to the reality that monopolization of biological substance can cause to reduce in contact of such material to the community. Since e pathogenic nature of the microbe will be eliminated during the experiment the use of the organism can be a safe choice. The synthetic microbe cannot be first tested in human beings rather it will be used in mice due to ethical issues of Mycoplasma that causes tuberculosis and other serious diseases. Moreover, the use of the plant gene artemisinin can be used as an environment control measure. This synthetic microbe can be patented due to the use of an innovative novel gene into the cons truction of a synthetic microbe. The rising field of synthetic biology is seasoned for law appraisal and improvement, both in US and Australia. There has been a propagation of patents in this arena, with the possible for important impact on health, the environment and the economy. For example, Nygone, which is a microplastic filter designed to degrade nylon (Karas et al. 2014). References: Ariey, F., Witkowski, B., Amaratunga, C., Beghain, J., Langlois, A.C., Khim, N., Kim, S., Duru, V., Bouchier, C., Ma, L. and Lim, P., 2014. A molecular marker of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria.Nature,505(7481), pp.50-55. Ashley, E.A., Dhorda, M., Fairhurst, R.M., Amaratunga, C., Lim, P., Suon, S., Sreng, S., Anderson, J.M., Mao, S., Sam, B. and Sopha, C., 2014. Spread of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria.New England Journal of Medicine,371(5), pp.411-423. Dordet-Frisoni, E., Baranowski, E., Barr, A., Blanchard, A., Breton, M., Couture, C., Dupuy, V., Gaurivaud, P., Jacob, D., Lemaitre, C. and Manso-Silvn, L., 2013. Draft genome sequences of Mycoplasma auris and Mycoplasma yeatsii, two species of the ear canal of Caprinae.Genome announcements,1(3), pp.e00280-13. Fischer, A., Shapiro, B., Muriuki, C., Heller, M., Schnee, C., Bongcam-Rudloff, E., Vilei, E.M., Frey, J. and Jores, J., 2012. The origin of the Mycoplasma mycoides clustercoincides with domestication of ruminants.PLoS One,7(4), p.e36150. Gourgues, G., Barr, A., Beaudoing, E., Weber, J., Magdelenat, G., Barbe, V., Schieck, E., Jores, J., Vashee, S., Blanchard, A. and Lartigue, C., 2016. Complete genome sequence of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides T1/44, a vaccine strain against contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.Genome announcements,4(2), pp.e00263-16. Karas, B.J., Wise, K.S., Sun, L., Venter, J.C., Glass, J.I., Hutchison III, C.A., Smith, H.O. and Suzuki, Y., 2014. Rescue of mutant fitness defects using in vitro reconstituted designer transposons in Mycoplasma mycoides.Frontiers in microbiology,5. Kent, B.N., Foecking, M.F. and Calcutt, M.J., 2012. Development of a novel plasmid as a shuttle vector for heterologous gene expression in Mycoplasma yeatsii.Journal of microbiological methods,91(1), pp.121-127. Lehmeyer, M., Kanofsky, K., Hanko, E.K., Ahrendt, S., Wehrs, M., Machens, F. and Hehl, R., 2016. Functional dissection of a strong and specific microbeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ associated molecular patternà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ responsive synthetic promoter.Plant biotechnology journal,14(1), pp.61-71. Moe-Behrens, G.H., Davis, R. and Haynes, K.A., 2014. Preparing synthetic biology for the world.Synthetic biology applications in industrial microbiology, p.77. Paddon, C.J., Westfall, P.J., Pitera, D.J., Benjamin, K., Fisher, K., McPhee, D., Leavell, M.D., Tai, A., Main, A., Eng, D. and Polichuk, D.R., 2013. High-level semi-synthetic production of the potent antimalarial artemisinin.Nature,496(7446), pp.528-532.

The Invention of Photography The Daguerreotype Essay Example For Students

The Invention of Photography The Daguerreotype Essay Photography has become the catalyst for social and cultural memory and a tool for scientific advancement. The world owes a great deal to the early inventors of the latent image for their patience and skill, for without photography one might consider the world an unmemorable place. The first step in photography’s dissemination into the world came by way of a Frenchman named Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre. His process known as the daguerreotypes quickly circulated throughout the Western world, and Daguerre, from the day of the daguerreotype announcement in August 1839, became known to the world as the father of photography. Understanding the importance of Daguerre’s process of the daguerreotype requires an analysis with three particular categories; the first being the historical context in which the process was created. Secondly, social and cultural significance of the daguerreotype era plays a vital role in how the process is understood as a photographic object, and how it functioned in the society in which it thrived in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Thirdly, one must examine the process of deterioration and preservation to be aware of the physical nature of the object, and methods of ensuring the longevity of the image. We will write a custom essay on The Invention of Photography The Daguerreotype specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Amalgamating these components will allow for a full analysis of a daguerreotype image and provide a case for the importance of daguerreotype images within photographic collections. Historically, the antecedent to the invention of photography can be traced as far back as the fifth century BC when Mo Ti recorded that â€Å"the reflected light rays of an illuminated object passing through a pinhole into a darkened enclosure resulted in an inverted but otherwise exact image of the object. This concept of using a small aperture to project images resulted in inquisitive experiments through the following centuries until the Renaissance when a device was created that would manage and direct this optical phenomenon. The apparatus was called the camera obscura, literally translated to dark room and â€Å"is basically a dark chamber, or box, with an opening at one end through which light passes. The light entering the camera obscura falls onto the wall opposite to form an image. † The d evice became a popular tool for those interested in rendering an exact pictorial representation of physical nature. Algarotti, a writer on art and science in the latter half of the eighteenth century, advocated the use of the camera obscura stating that â€Å"Painters should make the same use of the Camera Obscura, which Naturalists and Astronomers make of the microscope and telescope; for all these instruments equally contribute to make known, and represent Nature. † The camera obscura and the science of light rays continued to develop throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as technology advanced. Further developments were made to the camera obscura by adding lenses of different lengths to sharpen and broaden the image. The experiments with light and perception were then coupled with the knowledge of chemical compounds that would later lead to photographic science. In 1725 Johann Heinrich Schulze discovered that â€Å"silver nitrate darkened when exposed to sunlight and that this change was the result of exposure to light and not heat. † This discovery is crucial to photography as it forms the basis for the science of the medium. As time progressed, experiments involving silver halides and their reaction with light slowly crept closer to the invention of photography. Particularly, the work of Thomas Wedgwood and Humphry Davy was an immense contribution to photographic science. Wedgwood and Humphry discovered that â€Å"it was possible to chemically transfer by means of light,† and had they been able to find a way to arrest the development of the silver salts photography may have been introduced forty years earlier. The stage was set for photography, and successful experiments were recorded during the same time as Daguerre worked on his theory. Joseph Nicephore Niepce, who would become Daguerre’s partner, played a crucial role in the daguerreotype’s development. Without Niepce’s experiments daguerreotypes may not have been on a metal support. Niepce worked with a process he called Heliography, meaning sun-writing. In this process he used bitumen, a material â€Å"that hardens and becomes insoluble when exposed to light. † He used glass and pewter coated with bitumen as supports for the transfer of engravings. The engraving would be made translucent with lavender oil or varnish and placed against the bitumen. Placing the sandwich into the sunlight for exposure â€Å"the bitumen hardened on the portions not covered by the lines of the print and remained soluble on the rest of the plate; after washing, an image appeared with the bare pewter forming the line. † In 1827 Niepce created his famous positive-negative image from his home in France using a camera obscura with a pewter plate coated with bitumen placed inside the camera. During the same time period, William Henry Fox Talbot was working in England on his calotype process. Talbot used writing paper coated with silver nitrate and soaked in a solution of potassium iodide to create what he termed iodized paper. Before the paper was exposed a solution of silver nitrate and gallic acid was used to coat the iodized paper. The treated paper was then exposed in the camera using an exposure time from one minute to an hour. A latent image was formed by the action of light on the treated paper. In a darkened room, the paper was then washed in another bath of silver nitrate and gallic acid to develop the latent image. The paper would then be washed in a fixing solution of potassium bromide or a solution of hypo. A positive image could be made from the calotype negative and was usually done so by using Talbot’s original process of salted paper, which yielded the best results from the negative. This process included soaking a sheet of paper in table salt, and when dried, brushing on a solution of silver nitrate as to embed light-sensitive silver chloride into the paper fibers. Sandwiched under glass against the calotype negative and exposed to bright sunlight a visible positive image appeared. The image would be fixed, as the negative was, washed and dried. Talbot’s process was introduced to the world in 1841, but under the restriction of a patent, which is one reason the daguerreotype generated a greater popularity in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Daguerre himself was also experimenting with trying to fix the image produced in the camera obscura. His interest was a result of his work with the Diorama in Paris. The Diorama was a popular form of entertainment in the 1830’s of which Daguerre was the creator and proprietor. Daguerre used his skill to render the effect of light to create the illusion of time and movement on mural sized paintings. In so doing, the Diorama provided the illusion of a moving picture show. Daguerre used the camera obscura to aid in his paintings for the Diorama, which triggered his interest in a method of freezing the reflected image of the camera. The collaboration between Daguerre and Niepce began in 1827 when the two men were introduced by their mutual optician in Paris, Charles Chevalier, who noticed both were working towards a common goal in their experiments. After two years of communication Daguerre and Niepce entered into a partnership to mutually work towards fixing an image. After Niepce’s death in 1833 Daguerre took the basis of his research and continued to improve on the theories of using a silver plate coated with iodine. It was in 1835 when Daguerre discovered that mercury fumes could bring the latent image to surface on the exposed silver plate. Further investigation lead Daguerre to discover that a solution of common table salt and hot water would stop further development of the image. .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829 , .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829 .postImageUrl , .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829 , .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829:hover , .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829:visited , .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829:active { border:0!important; } .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829:active , .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829 .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua52d01da3a9c0ff9d24cd29ab7e37829:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Edward Weston: American Photographer EssayDaguerre realized the potential of his findings, and immediately began to seek a venue to sell his invention. It was through the collaboration with esteemed scientist Francois Arago that Daguerre achieved his financial reward. An agreement was met between Niepce’s son, Isidore, to name the process the daguerreotype as Daguerre felt he had furthered the process enough to call it his own. Arago introduced the daguerreotype to the Academie des Sciences in France on August 19, 1839 to rave reviews. A booklet was produced detailing the process and descriptive drawings of the equipment used. The daguerreotype process that was given free to the world was made on a sheet of silver-plated copper polished to mirror-like luminosity. The plate was exposed to the fumes of iodine to create a light sensitive silver halide. A latent image would then be formed on the silver plate after an in-camera exposure. The plate was then exposed to mercury fumes, which act as a catalyst to bring the silver particles to the surface of the plate. Finally, the image was fixed in a bath of sodium thiosulfate to remove the remaining photosensitive silver. The brilliance of the image in its tonal range and its unsurpassed ability to render detail are due to the microscopic scattering of silver particles. The result is a reversed, unique image suggested by Arago in his address to the Academie des Sciences, as having multiple uses in the sciences and the hopes of portraiture. The daguerreotype quickly disseminated around the Western world, and although it was a French invention, it thrived in America. Samuel F. B. Morse, who had witnessed Daguerre’s invention in Paris, first introduced America to the daguerreotype in 1839 in an article in the New York Observer. The photographic medium was embraced by Americans, and according to Allan Trachtenberg, this was because of the social and political climate of the late 1830’s. America was undergoing reform in many social institutions and scientific methodologies. Forums for the practice of daguerreotypy quickly emerged within the social context of America, and the daguerreotype aided in the projection of new ways of thinking and pushed the impetus of American nationalism. The proliferation of the use of the daguerreotype for portraiture was overwhelming in America. Further advancement with Daguerre’s process made it possible to achieve shorter exposure times, and therefore, made portraiture a possibility. The daguerreotype replaced the expensive painted miniature, making it achievable for the common person to afford a portrait. Portrait studios sprung up all over the country, particularly on the east coast where there were thousands making money off of the new, highly demanded medium. Most notable of these practitioners are Albert Sands Southworth and Josiah Johnson Hawes who had a studio in Boston. The two men were highly regarded for their extreme skill and exceptionally executed portraits. Daguerreotypes made by Southworth and Hawes are noted for their lighting, composition and posing. Compared to other portrait daguerreotypes, Southworth and Hawes exemplify the height of the medium as an art form. As seen in figure 1, the young ladies appear natural and graceful. The image projects a mood with carefully directed lighting and artful composition. The daguerreotype portrait was readily accepted into American culture as a tactile object. Replacing the painting miniature, the daguerreotype because of its fragile surface was placed into protective and decorative castings. The casings of daguerreotypes are important in their function in society, as they attribute to the precious and sentimental value of the object that would be handled and reviewed regularly. To create a daguerreotype case â€Å"a mat was placed in front of the image with a piece of glass in front of that, and all was permanently held in place by sealing paper around the edges. By 1847 a small frame of paper-thin brass called a mat preserver further wrapped the edges and became popular as an extra protection and enhanced decoration for the presentation. The whole unit was in a miniature case, and the item was complete. † This protective casing not only allowed for the handling of the portraits, but also added a decorative and lavish embellishment. The casing can also be used as a dating method. The image in figure 2 has no known information, however, the mat preserver has lead the author to estimate the image was made between 1850 and 1860, as this form of mat preserver was used during that decade. The daguerreotype also played a significant role in new methodologies surrounding scientific milieus. Arago predicted the daguerreotype’s value to supply â€Å"immediate and faithful detail for astronomers, naturalists, and physicians who had formerly relied on the skillful but subjective hand of the artist to copy objects of research. † The extreme depth and detail of the daguerreotype image provided a visual record inconceivable by the human hand. The benefit to scientific cataloging and visual records was unsurpassable. The daguerreotype was also used in the science of polygenesis, which during the latter half of the nineteenth century was based on the belief that each race was a distinct species. Louis Agassiz’s slave daguerreotypes (figure 3) exemplify the racial and political uses of photography during this time period. The images of the slaves â€Å"had two purposes, one nominally scientific, the other frankly political. They were designed to analyze the physical difference between European whites and African blacks, but at the same time they were meant to prove the superiority of the white race. † The Agassiz images are an example of the discursive uses that daguerreotypes were used to support. The nature of the subject matter within the daguerreotypes took on a meaning that projected the cultural theories and atheistic values of the politics of race in the nineteenth century. Whether a daguerreotype image was being used for portraiture or science the image was appropriated into the social context of the nineteenth century. The daguerreotype image changed the mechanics of self representation and created an industry in America that became monumental in cultural and political framework of a restructuring nation. Daguerreotypes brought to science a meticulous visual record, unsurpassed by anything the human hand could render, which pushed scientific fields in new methods of discovery. Furthermore, the daguerreotype was used to support the controlling forces of the period. The nature of the image in its clarity and brilliance, created a visual truth that could not be denied due to the daguerreotype’s reputation of a lucid and objective representation of reality. Understanding the daguerreotype requires an analysis of the make-up of the image structure, and the implications of deterioration so as to protect the irreplaceable, unique object. As can be seen in a microscopic image, â€Å"the image is encoded on the array of particles on the plate’s surface. Understanding the interaction of the particle-studded surface with reflected light allows us to account for image appearance, quality, and the loss of image when daguerreotypes become tarnished or corroded. † Susan Barger and William White suggest that the daguerreotype is defined by the microstructure rather than the chemical composition. .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4 , .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4 .postImageUrl , .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4 , .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4:hover , .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4:visited , .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4:active { border:0!important; } .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4:active , .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4 .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uac38b3376492a18fffd9b342703e4da4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Invention and History of Indian Film EssayTherefore, the silver-mercury particles that form the image on the plate will inevitably change over time and cause deterioration of the plate surface and alter the appearance of the image. The image in figure 2 has noticeable tarnish deterioration around the mat edge. This coloured tarnish is a complicated chemical compound primarily based on silver oxide, as such, the silver particles darken with age and produced the tarnish damage that is visible in figure 4. The image in figure 2, and the microscopic enhancement of that image in figure 4, conveys a strongly constructed image structure. This is known because of the highly visible negative-positive image on the plate and clear definition of tone. The author is lead to believe that this plate would have been created with multiple halide coatings. Adding bromine and a second coating of iodine to the plate before exposure in the camera was an advancement made after Daguerre introduced the daguerreotype. Susan Barger explains that â€Å"the major contribution of multiple sensitizations is that it improves the possibility of forming the optimal microstructure which will produce the best visible image. The image stability in figure 2 would also suggest that the daguerreotype has not been a victim to harsh cleaning methods that were employed in the early part of the twentieth century. Daguerreotypes have been casualties of untimely corrosion due to improper and harmful cleaning methods. Due to the delicate microstructure of the image the use of solvent cleaners, such as potassium cyanide, to remove tarnish has also removed part of the image structure, namely, silver, mercury, gold and copper. The use of inappropriate cleaners has caused many daguerreotypes prior to the 1970’s to suffer from image fading. The growth of molds can also plague daguerreotypes caused by the decomposition of the glass cover. Cleaning methods have been highly tested and monitored over the past thirty years by Susan Barger and her colleagues. Barger suggests that the electrocleaning process is the safest and most efficient method of cleaning tarnish corrosion. Using this method, a silver wand is used to target the problem areas while the daguerreotype is placed in a bath of ammonium hydroxide. Using electrodes and electrolytes the daguerreotype is spot cleaned resulting in successful removal of tarnish while keeping the microstructure unaltered and free of further corrosion products. In the case of molds the daguerreotype should be re-packaged with modern glass and an unbuffered board to provide a low alkaline environment. The most important measure that can be taken to prevent mold growth is to maintain a constant relative humidity in the storage environment, as to avoid temperature change within the glass encasement. Ensuring there are proper cleaning and storage conditions for daguerreotypes is vital in their longevity. It is thanks to the delicate microstructure of the daguerreotype image that one can marvel in its extreme rendering of detail, but it is also the microstructure that requires stable conditions to maintain the particle composition that provides such detail. It is evident that the evolution of the daguerreotype is strongly based in the areas defined above. The historical context that surrounds the daguerreotype at the time if its inception is key to its dissemination throughout the Western world. The predecessors to Daguerre’s invention are vital in photography’s history, as they too play an important role in the development of the science of light and optics, as well as the progression towards the understanding of photochemistry. Daguerre’s partnership with Niepce is also essential in the daguerreotype’s invention. Without Niepce, Daguerre would not have the image support of metal or basic chemistry that builds the skeleton of his process. Historical context, therefore, is crucial in understanding Daguerre’s invention, and why he is considered the creator of photography. The social and cultural implications of the daguerreotype flourished in America. Understanding that the social and political structure of America in the latter half of the nineteenth century was based in reform provides a cultural context as to why the daguerreotype proliferated there. The portrait daguerreotype took-over from the painted miniature, and this can explain the way the daguerreotype was cased. The casings were tactile objects to be shared and treasured, and the detailed decoration provided a status for the sentimental memento, as well as a protective housing. The daguerreotype also thrived within scientific milieus. The objective truth of the daguerreotype and mechanical nature provided precise and immediate records for many fields of scientific investigation. However, daguerreotypes were also appropriated, because of the nature of the medium, to project an idealistic thought of power. Looking at the microstructure of daguerreotype particles can help one to understand preservation and conservation issues. Being able to preserve these unique one-of-a-kind images is clearly beneficial due to the vast amount of information they hold as historical objects. The daguerreotype also provides the first piece of the photographic puzzle. Although the daguerreotype only prospered from 1840–1860 before being replaced by the reproducible and relatively more portable wet-collodion process, the social and cultural implications of the daguerreotype era are great. The facets of the daguerreotype’s inextricable structure of historical, social and physical elements bind to provide a view starting point for photography’s history. The daguerreotype, inevitably, represents the beginning of a medium. However, the daguerreotype is also a form of photography that no other process can shine a light to in terms of brilliance, detail and mystic. Bibliography: A History of Photography, â€Å"Camera Obscura,† Robert Leggat, http://www.rleggat.com/photohistory/index.html (accessed November 26, 2006). Banta, Melissa. A Curious Ingenious Art: Reflections on Daguerreotypes at Harvard Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2000. Barger, Susan M., S.V. Krishnaswamy, and R. Messier. â€Å"The Cleaning of Daguerreotypes: Comparison of Cleaning Methods,† Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 22 no.1 (1982), http://www/jstor.org/ (accessed November 26, 2006). Barger, Susan M., William B. White. The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2000. Buerger, Janet E. French Daguerreotypes. London: University of Chicago Press, 1989. The Daguerreian Society. http://www.daguerre.org/ (accessed November 25, 2006). Foresta, Merry A., and John Wood. Secrets of the Dark Chamber: The Art of the American Daguerreotype. Washington, D.C.: National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995. Mace, O. Henry. Collector’s Guide to Early Photographs. Iola: Krause Publications, 1999. Mattingly, Carol. Appropriate Dress: Women’s Rhetorical Style in Nineteenth- Century America. United States of America: Southern Illinois University, 2002. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. â€Å"Divine Perfection: The Daguerreotype in Europe and America.† The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 56, no. 4 (Spring, 1999), http://www.jstor.org/ (accessed November 26, 2006). Newhall, Beaumont. Daguerre. New York: Winter House Ltd., 1971. Newhall, Beaumont. The Daguerreotype in America. New York: Dover Publications, 1976. Romer, Grant, and Brian Wallis, eds. Young America: The Daguerreotypes of Southworth Hawes. New York: International Centre of Photography; George Eastman House, Gottingen, Germany: Steidl, 2005. Rosenblum, Naomi. A World History of Photography. New York: Abbeville Press, 1997. Severa, Joan L., ed. My Likeness Taken: Daguerreian Portraits in America. Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2005. Wallis, Brian. â€Å"Black Bodies, White Science: Louis Agassiz’s Slave Daguerreotypes,† American Art 9, no. 2 (1995), http://www.jstor.org/ (accessed November 26, 2006). Wood, John, ed. The Daguerreotype: A Sesquicentennial Celebration. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1989.